Lesson 22

Cloud Ceiling & Visibility Regulations

Good visibility and a safe distance from clouds enhances the remote PIC’s ability to see and avoid other aircraft and obstacles. Prior to flight, the remote PIC must determine that visibility is 3SM and that the sAUS is kept at least 500 feet below a cloud and at least 2,000 feet horizontally from a cloud.

Study Guide

Minimum Visibility Regulations

Visibility refers to the distance a pilot can see and identify objects on the ground and in the airspace. This means that the remote pilot must be able to see the drone and any other aircraft in the vicinity clearly.

3 Statute Miles Minimum

  • The sUAS must operate in conditions where the visibility is at least 3 statute miles.

Sample Questions

1. During your preflight briefing, you find that visibility in your area is reported as 1 1/2 statute miles. Can you legally fly your mission?

  • No, because visibility is only 1 1/2 statute miles, which is below the required minimum of 3 statute miles.

2. During your preflight briefing, you find that visibility in your area is reported as 6 statute miles. Can you legally fly your mission?

  • Yes, because visibility is 6 statute miles, which is above the required 3 statute miles.

Vertical and Horizontal Cloud Ceilings

Aviation defines ceiling as the height above ground of the lowest cloud cover that is broken or overcast, or the vertical visibility into fog or other obstructions.

500 Foot Vertical Cloud Ceiling

  • Flight must be kept at least 500 feet below a cloud ceiling, keeping safe separation between the UA and the lowest layer of clouds.

2000 Foot Horizontal Cloud Ceiling

  • The sUAS must be kept at least 2,000 feet horizontally from a cloud. This horizontal distance reduces the likelihood of the drone entering into clouds.

Sample Question: Vertical Cloud Ceiling

If an 800-foot ceiling is reported in the weather forecast, what is the maximum altitude permissible for operating your sUAS?

A. 300 feet AGL

B. 400 feet AGL

C. 800 feet AGL

Correct Answer: A. 300 feet AGL

To determine the maximum altitude permissible for operating your sUAS when an 800-foot ceiling is reported in the weather forecast, follow these steps:

  • In this case, an 800-foot ceiling means the lowest cloud layer starts at 800 feet above ground level (AGL).
  • FAA regulations state that sUAS should not be operated closer than 500 feet below clouds.
  • Since the cloud ceiling is at 800 feet, subtracting 500 feet from this ceiling gives:

    800 feet (ceiling) 500 feet (clearance) = 300 feet

  • Therefore, when the weather forecast reports an 800-foot ceiling, the maximum altitude permissible for operating your sUAS is: 300 feet AGL

Regulation Review: Flight Over Towers

Under the FAA regulations for small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) operations, the following altitude rules apply:

  • Maximum Altitude for sUAS Operations: The maximum allowable altitude for sUAS operations is 400 feet above ground level (AGL).
  • Operations Near Structures: sUAS are allowed to operate higher than 400 feet AGL when inspecting a structure, but they must remain within a 400-foot radius of the structure. Specifically, sUAS can operate up to 400 feet above the top of the structure being inspected.

Examples

  • General Operation: If you are flying in an open area without any structures, the maximum altitude you can fly your sUAS is 400 feet AGL.
  • Near a Structure: If you are inspecting a tower that is 1,000 feet tall, you can legally fly up to 1,400 feet AGL (1,000 feet for the structure height + 400 feet for the allowable altitude above the structure), provided you stay within a 400-foot radius of the tower.

Example 2: Vertical Cloud Ceiling with Towers

You are inspecting the lighted towers with a height of 1,104 feet MSL near Denver International Airport. What is the lowest cloud cover that will enable you to inspect the top of the tower?

A. 1,204 feet

B. 1,604 feet

C. 1,054 feet

Correct Answer: B. 1,604 feet

To determine the lowest cloud cover that will enable you to inspect the top of a lighted tower with a height of 1,104 feet MSL (Mean Sea Level), follow these steps:

  • Determine the Height of the Tower in MSL: The height of the tower is given as 1,104 feet MSL.
  • Understand the Clearance Requirement: FAA regulations require a minimum clearance of 500 feet below clouds for sUAS operations. Therefore, to legally inspect the top of the tower, you need to ensure that the cloud base is at least 500 feet above the top of the tower.
  • Calculate the Minimum Cloud Base: Add the 500 feet clearance to the height of the tower:

    1,104 feet (tower height) + 500 feet (clearance) = 1,604 feet MSL

  • Therefore, the lowest cloud cover that will enable you to inspect the top of the tower is: 1,604 feet MSL

Quick Review

  • The lowest layer of clouds reported as broken, overcast or obscured, or vertical visibility into an obstruction. 
  • At least 3 statute miles
  • At least 500 feet below a cloud ceiling
  • At least 2,000 feet horizontally from a cloud
  • Maximum allowable altitude for sUAS operations is 400 feet above ground level (AGL)
  • sUAS can operate up to 400 feet above the top of the structure being inspected

Practice Quiz

Cloud Ceilings and Visibility Regulations

1 / 6

What is the minimum distance from clouds required for sUAS Part 107 operations?

2 / 6

What minimum visibility is required for sUAS operations?

3 / 6

(Refer to Figure 69) You are inspecting the lighted towers approximately 8 NM SW of the Corpus Cristi International Airport (CRP). What is the lowest cloud cover that will enable you to inspect the top of the tower.

4 / 6

At an 900-foot ceiling reported in the weather forecast, what is the maximum altitude permissible for operating your sUAS?

5 / 6

(Refer to Figure 23) What are the VFR minimum visibility requirements over Plantation Airport?

6 / 6

(Refer to Figure 78) What is the minimum base of the cloud layer to fly on top of the towers 4NM east of Onawa?

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