Study Guide
Introduction to Abnormal & Emergency Situations
During sUAS operations, the remote PIC should be prepared to respond to abnormal and emergency situations. For guidance on the appropriate procedures in these situations, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Lost Link Procedure
Definition: Lost Link refers to a situation where a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) loses its communication connection with the remote pilot or control system. This disconnection can occur due to signal interference, hardware issues, or other factors.
Lost Link Procedures:
When a lost link occurs, the sUAS is programmed to follow predefined procedures to ensure safety and minimize risk. These procedures include:
- Hovering or Flying in a Set Pattern: The drone will remain airborne in a predictable pattern while attempting to reconnect with the remote pilot.
- Automatic Actions: If the link isn’t restored within a predetermined time or if the battery is running low, the drone will automatically land or return to its starting point.
Pre-Flight Preparation:
Before taking off, ensure you follow the manufacturer’s instructions for setting up lost link procedures. Proper configuration helps the sUAS respond safely and effectively during a lost link scenario.
Pilot Response:
If you experience a lost link situation, notify all available crew and Air Traffic Control (if applicable) while executing the briefed lost link procedure. Typically, this is not considered an emergency, but if it appears the lost link could lead to a flyaway or other hazardous situation, an emergency should be declared.
Flight Termination Procedure
Definition: Flight termination involves intentionally and deliberately bringing your small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) to the ground in a controlled manner. This action might be part of your lost link procedures or chosen if continuing the flight poses safety risks or immediate dangers.
When to Use Flight Termination:
Flight termination should only be used as a last resort. It is a controlled method to safely land the sUAS when continuing the flight is not safe or when there are immediate dangers.
Contingency Plans:
If you need to perform flight termination, follow your specific flight termination points or backup plans. These plans should:
- Assume an Unrecoverable Failure: Prepare for situations where the system cannot be recovered.
- Consider Key Factors: Account for altitude, winds, and other environmental conditions.
- Address Safety Concerns: Take into account obstacles, people, congested areas, and other aircraft operations.
Flyaway Procedure
Definition: A flyaway occurs when the small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) does not respond to control inputs and fails to execute known lost link maneuvers. This results in unpredictable and uncontrolled flight behavior.
Causes
- Lost Link: A flyaway often starts with the loss of communication between the remote pilot and the sUAS, leading to erratic flight.
- Predefined Procedures: If the sUAS’s lost link procedures are not set up or followed, it can lead to a flyaway situation.
- Software/Hardware Issues: Rarely, internal malfunctions can trigger a flyaway.
- Frequency Interference: Commonly, interference with communication frequencies causes flyaways.
Actions to Take:
In the event of a flyaway, the remote Pilot-in-Command (PIC) should:
- Notify Others: Immediately inform all crewmembers, bystanders, and Air Traffic Control (ATC) if applicable.
- Follow Authorization Procedures: If operating in controlled airspace, notify ATC according to the terms of your authorization.
Loss of GPS Procedure
GPS is essential for precise navigation and situational awareness in sUAS operations. When the GPS signal is lost, it can disrupt your flight control and navigation systems. Understanding how to respond promptly and effectively is crucial for maintaining safe and reliable operations.
Immediate Actions
- Operate Normally: If the GPS signal is lost, continue operating the sUAS as usual. Be aware that the loss of GPS may lead to changes in flight modes or controls.
- Manual Control: Be prepared to manually control the sUAS if needed, rather than relying solely on automation.
Importance of GPS
- Flight Planning: GPS tools are essential for flight planning and situational awareness.
- Automation Caution: While GPS aids in automation, don’t rely on it exclusively. Be ready to take manual control if necessary.
Pre-Flight Preparation
- Check NOTAMs: Review Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) for any potential GPS disruptions in your flight area before takeoff.
Battery Fire Procedure
Battery fires are a serious safety concern for sUAS operations due to their reliance on high-energy rechargeable batteries. These batteries, typically lithium metal or lithium-ion, undergo temperature changes during charging and discharging, which can strain their internal components and increase the risk of fire.
Key Characteristics:
- High Flammability: Both types of batteries are highly flammable and can self-ignite due to short circuits, overcharging, exposure to extreme temperatures, mishandling, or defects.
- Thermal Runaway: This is a dangerous condition where a battery overheats and continues to get hotter, potentially leading to a fire or explosion.
To enhance safety and prevent battery-related incidents, it’s essential to follow these practices:
Before Each Flight:
- Inspect Batteries: Check for visible damage, swelling, deformation, or unusual heat. These signs indicate potential risks and require immediate attention.
During Battery Storage and Handling:
- Proper Storage: Store batteries in a cool, dry place away from extreme temperatures. This reduces stress on the battery and lowers the risk of thermal runaway.
- Prevent Short Circuits: Use the original packaging, separate plastic bags, or insulating terminals to prevent short circuits. Keep spare batteries away from metal objects like coins, keys, or jewelry to avoid accidental shorts.
- Avoid Physical Damage: Never crush, puncture, or apply pressure to the batteries during storage or transport. This can compromise their integrity and increase the risk of fires.
Managing Thermal Runaway: Thermal runaway occurs when a battery becomes excessively hot and continues to heat up on its own. To prevent this, avoid overcharging the battery, ensure proper ventilation, and monitor battery temperatures during operation.
Practice Quiz
